01 研究背景
02 理论基础
根据投资诱发要素组合理论,东道国或地区的技术知识和市场潜力是跨境研发的两个直接诱因。跨国企业对隐性技术知识的渴望,催生了企业进行探索性的跨境研发。海外研发机构不仅可以充分利用反向知识溢出获得异质性隐性知识,而且可以突破国外技术封锁,对提高本国企业的自主创新能力具有重要作用。
03 研究设计
04 研究结论
05 理论贡献
06 实践价值
Abstract How to improve independent innovation capabilities of Chinese enterprises has always been a hot topic in the field of innovation research in China. For a long time, the improvement of Chinese enterprises’ innovation capabilities mainly relies on inde- pendent R&D or cooperative R&D in China. However, due to the lack of advanced technologies and high-end talents, coupled with the blockade of core technologies by foreign capital, managers gradually realize that against the background of globalization, relying solely on internal R&D or domestic cooperation has limited effect in enhancing innovation capabilities and achieving technological catch-up. In recent years, foreign investment policies and initiatives such as going global and the Belt and Road Initiative have not only provided a good policy environment for Chinese enterprises’ cross-border R&D, but also prompted enterprises to realize the strategic significance of global R&D layout. At a time when it is urgent for Chinese enterprises to improve their independent innovation capabilities, cross-border R&D will become the new normal for future innovation and development ofenterprises.Whether cross-border R&D can improve independent innovation capabilities of Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs) is the focus of current academic community. The main features of extant research are as follows. From the perspective of the research con- text, MNEs in developed countries are not only the earliest practitioners of cross-border R&D, but also the main research samples in academic literature. In contrast, the research in developing countries has only started to appear in the last two years. Considering that there is a great inconsistency between developing countries represented by China and developed countries in the fields of economy, technology, system and culture, cross-border R&D by Chinese MNEs need to make a large amount of exploration. From the per- spective of research content, extant research focuses on the relationship between cross-border R&D and innovation performance of MNEs, but does not dig into the underlying impact mechanism. At the same time, it is necessary to deeply analyze the scale and geo- graphic diversity of cross-border R&D and its boundary conditions. In terms of research methods, there is an endogenous relationship between cross-border R&D and innovation capabilities, which need to be mitigated in empirical tests. Empirical tests also need to be applied to the study of impact mechanism.
Based on the above review of extant research, this paper aims to explore the relationship between cross-border R&D and the indepen- dent innovation capabilities of Chinese MNEs, as well as its internal mechanism and boundary conditions. Based on the unbalanced panel data of 1242 high-tech listed enterprises in China from 2007 to 2014, this paper first uses the negative binomial regression model to estimate the relationship between cross-border R&D and independent innovation capabilities. By constructing a dummy variable for cross-border R&D, as well as variables of cross-border R&D scale and breadth, this paper finds that cross-border R&D can significantly improve independent innovation capabilities of Chinese MNEs, and there is a significantly inverted U-shaped rela- tionship between scale/breadth of cross-border R&D and innovation capabilities. However, for the vast majority of sample enterpris- es, the negative effects of cross-border R&D expansion have not yet appeared, and there is still a positive relationship with decreasing marginal effect between cross-border R&D scale/breadth and innovation capabilities. Second, this paper selects overseas background and tenure of the top management team (TMT) that are closely related to the internal mechanism of cross-border R&D. After the em- pirical testing, it is found that when overseas experience of TMT matches R&D locations, the positive effect of cross-border R&D on independent innovation capabilities becomes stronger. The longer the tenure of TMT, the weaker the positive effect of cross-border R&D on independent innovation capabilities. Furthermore, this paper uses the mediating effect model to prove that acquiring het- erogeneous technical knowledge and the R&D experience accumulated in the process of meeting local market demand is the internal mechanism for cross-border R&D to enhance independent innovation capabilities of Chinese MNEs.
The theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows. First, it explains the relationship between cross-border R&D and indepen- dent innovation capabilities of Chinese MNEs based on the knowledge-based view, and verifies the fact that cross-border R&D can improve Chinese enterprises’ independent innovation capabilities with the consideration of endogeneity. This paper also uncovers the theoretical “black box” between scale/breadth of cross-border R&D and innovation performance, and reveals the internal mechanism of cross-border R&D to enhance innovation capabilities for Chinese MNEs from the perspective of cross-border R&D motivation. Second, it examines the moderating effect of TMT characteristics based on the upper echelons theory, which deepens the understand- ing of boundary conditions at the individual level of cross-border R&D, and reveals the important role of TMT characteristics in im- proving cross-border R&D performance.
This paper also has some practical implications for Chinese MNEs. First of all, it provides more reliable evidence for advocating cross-border R&D of Chinese enterprises. Second, it provides suggestions for Chinese MNEs that have already carried out cross-bor- der R&D on how to further deploy their global R&D strategies. Third, it provides references for Chinese MNEs to choose the right managers for cross-border R&D activities.
Key Words Cross-border R&D; Scale; Breadth; Independent Innovation Capabilities; TMT Characteristics
引用:徐晨, 孙元欣.“走出去”能否“反哺桑梓”:跨境研发与母国企业自主创新能力.南开管理评论, 2021, 24(4): 205-218.(该文被中国人民大学复印报刊资料《创新政策与管理》2022年第2期全文转载;获选中国社科院世界经济与政治研究所《世界经济年鉴》“国际投资学2021年最佳中文论文TOP10”)